Simultaneous toxicokinetic studies of aristolochic acid I and II and aristolactam I and II using a newly-developed microdialysis liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are naturally occurring genotoxic carcinogens linked to Balkan endemic nephropathy and aristolochic acid nephropathy. Aristolochic acid I and II (AA-I and AA-II) are the most abundant AAs, and AA-I has been reported to be more genotoxic and nephrotoxic than AA-II. This study aimed to explore metabolic differences underlying the differential toxicity. We developed a novel microdialysis sampling coupled with solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MD-SPE-LC-MS/MS) to simultaneously study the toxicokinetics (TK) of AA-I and AA-II and their corresponding aristolactams (AL-I and AL-II) in the blood of Sprague Dawley rats co-treated with AA-1 and AA-II. Near real-time monitoring of these analytes in the blood of treated rats revealed that AA-I was absorbed, distributed, and eliminated more rapidly than AA-II. Moreover, the metabolism efficiency of AA-I to AL-I was higher compared to AA-II to AL-II. Only 0.58% of AA-I and 0.084% of AA-II was reduced to AL-I and AL-II, respectively. The findings are consistent with previous studies and support the contention that differences in the in vivo metabolism of AA-I and AA-II may be critical factors for their differential toxicities.

Probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to leucomalachite green residues from fish products.

To assess the potential risk of human exposure to carcinogenic leucomalachite green (LMG) due to fish consumption, the probabilistic risk assessment was conducted for adolescent, adult and senior adult consumers in Taiwan. The residues of LMG with the mean concentration of 13.378±20.56 µg kg(-1) (BFDA, 2009) in fish was converted into dose, considering fish intake reported for three consumer groups by NAHSIT (1993-1996) and body weight of an average individual of the group. The lifetime average and high 95th percentile dietary intakes of LMG from fish consumption for Taiwanese consumers were estimated at up to 0.0135 and 0.0451 µg kg-bw(-1) day(-1), respectively. Human equivalent dose (HED) of 2.875 mg kg-bw(-1) day(-1) obtained from a lower-bound benchmark dose (BMDL10) in mice by interspecies extrapolation was linearly extrapolated to oral cancer slope factor (CSF) of 0.035 (mgkg-bw(-1)day(-1))(-1) for humans. Although, the assumptions and methods are different, the results of lifetime cancer risk varying from 3×10(-7) to 1.6×10(-6) were comparable to those of margin of exposures (MOEs) varying from 410,000 to 4,800,000. In conclusions, Taiwanese fish consumers with the 95th percentile LADD of LMG have greater risk of liver cancer and need to an action of risk management in Taiwan.

River water contaminated with perfluorinated compounds potentially posing the greatest risk to young children.

Although, humans are exposed to perflourinated compounds (PFCs) from various media, water consumption could be an important source for the residents living near to contaminated areas. Since comprehensive multimedia exposure model has not been developed for PFCs, assessment of the potential risk due to exposure to PFCs through direct water consumption could be a conservative estimate. The human health risks derived from the exposure to PFCs through water consumption were assessed for different age groups of general population in Taiwan using probabilistic approach. Based on available data on concentrations of PFCs in river water, exposure to PFOS, PFOA and PFDA via water consumption for different age groups were calculated using deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methods. The oral non-cancer risks from PFOS, PFOA and their combination, expressed as a Hazard Index (HI), was determined by comparing oral exposure dose (through water intake) with the oral Reference Dose (RfD). The average exposure to PFOS, PFOA and PFDA via water consumption for adults ranged from 0.16 to 220.15, 0.43 to 12.5 and 0.43 to 2.36 ng kg-bw(-1) d(-1) and for children 0.13-354.3, 0.35-20.17 and 0.35-3.79 ng kg-bw(-1) d(-1), respectively. Probabilistic values of total HIs for all age groups reside near to Keya River exceed the RfD 2.4-4.8 times, corresponding mainly to PFOS with a percentage of 97%. In conclusions, children aged 1-3 years old and the residents reside near to Keya River are at the highest risk of exposure to PFCs via water consumption.

Poverty and household food insecurity in Mongolia.

This study was designed to review the food security of the country and to study the household food insecurity of poor households in relation to the poverty level. Cross-sectional survey design was used to assess the perceptions of socio-economic changes, food insecurity in national and household levels, and their health impact. A total of 731 poor households were involved in our study. One third of the total households were in a status of severe food insecurity with hunger. Analysis on the risk factors of household food insecurity showed that the household income was significantly inversely associated with household food insecurity (RR = -0.489; 95% CI -0.540, -0.398; P < .001). Food insecurity with hunger in the households is significantly related to poverty of the households.